Denialism and pseudoscience

Today, I commented to a blog entry at Beyond the Short Coat, which is one of my daily stops on the medical blogosphere. The author, like a lot of bloggers in the medical arena, has been taking on the world of medical woo, that is, those ideas in medicine that completely lack verifiability and scientific credibility. I have a similar disdain for woo, for essentially the same reasons as the physicians who write in those various blogs. Mostly, they are troubled that patients turn to these useless therapies because they may not be getting adequate medical care, or even that those fake therapies may have terrible consequences for the patient. I take it a step further in that I believe that this woo has a substantial economic consequence with increased costs for patients, providers, and third-party payors.

There are several hallmarks that indicate to most educated individuals as to what is or is not pseudoscience. Let's list them and see how the anti-vaccine movement does:

  1. Use of vague, exaggerated or untestable claims. Check. They make vague scientific claims, failure to make use of parsimony (see Occam's razor), that is to find the explanation for autism that requires the fewest assumptions, lack of boundary definitions, meaning the areas where vaccines might not have an effect on autism, and, finally, lack of effective controls, such as placebo and double-blind, in experimental design.
  2. Over-reliance on confirmation rather than refutation. Check. In other words, the anti-vaccine woo-meisters fail to accept the possibility that experiments or observations may show their theory to be false. Most scientists make no such absolutist claims. In fact, many researchers will state, that there might be a possibility that vaccinations cause autism, but they can find a mechanism for it to happen and they haven't seen any results that support such a theory. Scientists are completely open minded to any result, whereas the anti-vaccine league of undistinguished playboy playmates are completely closeminded to logic.
  3. Over-reliance on testimonial, anecdotal evidence or personal experience. Yes. Self explanatory.
  4. Lack of openness to testing by other experts. Check. Evasion of peer reviewed publications and use of popular press is precisely the lack of openness that prevents discussion. Jenny McCarthy and company complain that science is hiding the truth. Nothing could be further from the truth. Scientists, despite the lack of a scientific foundation in the vaccine causes autism hypothesis, spent years trying to test the theory. They found nothing that supports the link.
  5. Absence of progress. Check (note that very little research has actually been done, most of it is nonscientific refutation of clinical studies). Basically science evolves. As new results appear, science develops new theories that may modify or even replace the old one. When I was working on my graduate degree in Biochemistry, we did not know what caused AIDS. Every biochemistry lab in the world was trying to figure it out. There were a whole slew of theories on what caused it (some of them were laughable), but now we know that HIV infection causes AIDS. That's how science works.
  6. Personalization of issues. Check, and my particular favorite. Those vaccine denialists resort to name calling (we are all bought out by Big Pharma), appeal to authority or whatever other appeal that's handy, and, of course, conspiracies. Better than I can do, a point by point refutation of the specious attacks can be found here.
  7. Use of misleading language. Check. Denialists of all sorts use scientific jargon to make superficial claims that the theory is scientifically sound. Like a couple of denialist comments here, there is a constant use of fancy terminology that makes no sense when read.

I can do the same thing for such failed therapies as
Orthomolecular medicine, homeopathy, and radionics. It’s not that science has the answer to every question. It obviously does not. But when a questioned is asked of science, it either agrees, disagrees, or says that more information is needed. It does not place a value on the answer.

The problem is that pseudoscience pushing individuals are loud, so an unbiased public gives equal weight to the comments of pseudoscience and real science. The public needs to reduce the weight given to medical woo, until they bring forward evidence with scientific strength.


By Michael W Simpson


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